Through the Shadows: Exploring Domestic Child Torture
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29173/jafn719Keywords:
Torture, child abuseAbstract
Child torture is a severe form of child maltreatment. Children who are tortured are at high risk of death and/or re-traumatization. It is imperative both legally and ethically that health care providers recognize children who are being tortured in order to develop a safety plan to help prevent further abuse and trauma to the child. This article will define and address the following: child torture, intrafamilial child torture (ICT), common presentations of victims of ICT, risk factors of victims of ICT, and guidelines for healthcare practitioners working in the United States when they assess victims. Additionally, there will be a discussion on the importance of collaborating both on an interdisciplinary (e.g. medical, social workers, child protective case workers, psychology) and multidisciplinary (clinical and legal) level. and the utilization of self-care activities for clinicians, after treating a child who has been tortured.
References
Allasio, D., & Fischer, H. (1998). Torture versus child abuse: what’s the difference? Clinical Pediatrics, 37(4), 269–271. doi:10.1177/ 000992289803700410.
Arnold, T.C. (2020). An evolutionary concept analysis of secondary traumatic stress in nurses. Nursing Forum, 55(2), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.1240
Audage, N. (2021, May 19). Positive and adverse childhood experience (PACEs): What happens in childhood matters. https://www.pacesconnection.com/blog/better-normal-march-26-positive-and-adverse-childhood-experiences-paces-what-happens-in-childhood-matters
Bennett, C. E., & Christian, C. W. (2023) How should clinicians and students cope with secondary trauma when caring for children traumatized by abuse or neglect? AMA J Ethics, 25(2), E109-115. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2023.109. PMID: 36754072.
Bhandari, S. (2022, December 12). Compassion fatigue: Symptoms to look for. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/signs-compassion-fatigue
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. (2021). Pediatric medical traumatic stress. https://www.healthcaretoolbox.org/self-care-for-provider
Clarysse, K., Grosber, M., Ring, J., Gutermuth, J., & Kivlahan, C. (2019). Skin lesions, differential diagnosis and practical approach to potential survivors of torture. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology: JEADV, 33(7), 1232–1240. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15439
CDC. (2022, April 6). Fast facts: Preventing child abuse & neglect. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childabuseandneglect/fastfact.html
CDC. (2024, April 9). Adverse childhood experiences. https://www.cdc.gov/aces/about/index.html
Deutsch, S. A., & O'Brien, E. (2024). Child torture victimization: Review of criminal statutes and medico-legal issues. Child Abuse & Neglect, 151, 106750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106750
Figley, C. R. (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Felitti, V.J., Anda, R.F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D.F., Spitz, A.M., Edwards, V., Koss, M.P., & James S Marks, J.S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245-258. ISSN 0749-3797,https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
Fontes, L.A., & Miller, P.J. (2022, November 18). Understanding coercive control & intrafamilial child torture. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/invisible-chains/202211/understanding-coercive-control-and-intrafamilial-child-torture
Hakamata, Y., Suzuki, Y., Kobashikawa, H., & Hori, H. (2022). Neurobiology of early life adversity: A systematic review of meta-analyses towards an integrative account of its neurobiological trajectories to mental disorders. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 65, 100994. ISSN 0091-3022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.100994.
Kellogg, N. & Nienow, S. (2023). Torture and Starvation. [Online Learning Module] Evidentia Learning. https://www.evidentialearning.com/products/ffcea2bd-40d7-4233-8c84-3651b29e91fb
Knox, B. L., & Starling, S. (2012, November 27). Child torture: Case reviews and analysis of institutional responses. Paper presented at the National District Attorneys Association National Center for the Prosecution of Child Abuse Investigation and Prosecution of Child Fatalities and Physical Abuse Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Knox, B.L., Starling, S.P., Feldman, K.W., Kellogg, N.D., Frasier, L.D. & Tiapula, S.L. (2014) Child torture as a form of child abuse. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 9(1), 249–265. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-014-0009-9.
Knox, B. L., Starling, S. P., Feldman, K. W., Kellogg, N., Frasier, L., & Tiapula, S. (2016). Child torture as a form of child abuse. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 9(3), 265–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-016-0108-x
Lee, H. J., Lee, M., & Jang, S. J. (2021). Compassion Satisfaction, Secondary Traumatic Stress, and Burnout among Nurses Working in Trauma Centers: A Cross-Sectional Study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(14), 7228. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147228
Macy, A. (2019). A precarious gap in US criminal codes for cases of child torture and suggested model statue. Children and Youth Services Review, 96, 500-508.
Miller, P.J. (2020). Intrafamilial child torture: Training mandated reporters. APSAC Advisor, 32,1, 3-8. https://www.apsaclibrary.org/publications_all.php?dir=2020%20Number%201#
Miller, P.J., Rycus, J.S., & Hughes, R.C. (2021). Intrafamilial child torture: Making the case for a distinct category of child maltreatment. The American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children Center for Child Policy. https://cmprc.org/intrafamilial-child-torture
Morris, A. S.,& Hays-Grudo, J. (2023). Protective and compensatory childhood experiences and their impact on adult mental health. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 22(1), 150–151. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21042
National Center for Child Abuse Statistics and Policy. (n.d.) What is child torture? https://www.nccasp.org/fighting-child-torture
National Children’s Alliance. (2024). National statistics on child abuse. https://www.nationalchildrensalliance.org/media-room/national-statistics-on-child-abuse/
Nimmo, A., & Huggard, P. (2013). A systematic review of the measurement of compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma, and secondary traumatic stress in physicians. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 2013(1), 37-44. URL: http://trauma.massey.ac.nz/issues/2013-1/AJDTS_2013-1_Nimmo.pdf
Office for Victims of Crime (OVC). (n.d.). What is vicarious trauma? https://ovc.ojp.gov/program/vtt/what-is-vicarious-trauma
Peacock A. (2023). Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and vicarious trauma. Nursing management, 54(1), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NUMA.0000905000.95966.96
Pearlman, L. A., & Saakvitne, K. W. (1995). Treating therapists with vicarious traumatization and secondary traumatic stress disorders. In C.R.Figley (Ed.), Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized, (pp.150-177). New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
Perry, B.D. (2013). Bonding and attachment in maltreated children, Consequences of emotional neglect in childhood. The Child Trauma Academy. www.childtrauma.org
Persaud (2018, January 18). The Psychology of Child torture. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/slightly-blighty/201802/the-psychology-of-child-torture
Peters, E. (2018). Compassion fatigue in nursing: A concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 53(4), 466– 480. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12274
Pulcini, C. D., Zettle, S., & Srinath, A. (2016). Refeeding syndrome. Pediatrics In Review, 37(12), 516–523. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2015-0152
Ratnayake, M. A. (2020). Domestic Child Torture – Identifying Survivors and Seeking Justice. In: Geffner, R., White, J.W., Hamberger, L.K., Rosenbaum, A., Vaughan-Eden, V., Schlatter, A., Wiester, R.T., Thompson, A.D., Gilbert, J., Forshag, T. & Feldman, K.W. (2024) Child torture: A Washington state case series. Child Abuse Review, 33(1), e2848. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2848
Steele, B. (1987). Psychodynamic factors in child abuse. In R. Helfer, C. H. Kempe, & R. S. Krugman (Eds.), The Battered Child (pp.81–114). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Vang, M. L., Gleeson, C., Hansen, M., & Shevlin, M. (2020). Covariates of burnout and secondary traumatization in professionals working with child survivors of trauma: A research synthesis. The British Journal of Social Work, 50, 1981–2001, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcz117
Vieth, V.I. (Eds.), Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62122-7_323-1
World Health Organization. (2022 September 19). Child maltreatment. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment
Xu, Z., Zhao, B., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., Jiang, Y., Zhang, M., & Li, P. (2024). Prevalence and associated factors of secondary traumatic stress in emergency nurses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 15(1), 2321761. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2024.2321761
Zhang, Y., Zhang, C., Han, X., Li, W., & Wang, Y. (2018, June). Determinants of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burn out in nursing: A correlative meta-analysis. Medicine, 97(26), 11086. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000011086
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Andrea Sebastian, Theresa Fay-Hillier
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.