Inner Speech Modification and Young Offender Re-offence: Literature Review and Implications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29173/bsuj367Keywords:
self-talk, inner speech, young offenders, juvenile delinquents self-talk modification, Cognitive Behavioural TherapyAbstract
Inner speech is the voice in our heads that serves a variety of functions, and impacts individuals’ thoughts and behaviours. It is thought that young offenders have misguiding inner voices, and there is hope that professionals can change this through inner speech modification. During treatment, practitioners attempt to teach young offenders to use skills and tools. Ideally, this will reduce recidivism rates and allow these youth to become contributing members of society. In this literature review, the relationship between inner speech and young offender reoffence is examined. The purpose of this research is to bridge literature on inner speech, cognitive behavioural therapy, and young offender research to provide a source of suggestions for reducing delinquent behaviours. I advocate for inner speech modification programs in young offender rehabilitation because the research presented in this review supports the use of inner
speech in behaviour modification. I argue that the programs designed for young offenders need continued flexibility, and that there needs to be an increase in program availability for young offenders, especially ones involving inner speech modification. I also suggest that researchers should examine more preventative, earlier intervention programs, and investigate the relationships between inner speech and language deficiencies in young offenders.
References
Abrams, L. S., Kim, K., & Anderson-Nathe, B. (2005). Paradoxes of treatment in juvenile corrections. Child and Youth Care Forum, 34(1), 7-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10566-004-0879-3
Alderson-Day, B., & Fernyhough, C. (2015). Inner speech: Development, cognitive functions, phenomenology, and neurobiology. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 931-965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bul0000021
Asendorpf, J. B. (1987). Videotape reconstruction of emotions and cognitions related to shyness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(3), 542-549. http://dx.doi.org10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.542
Bala, N. (1988). The Young Offenders Act: A legal framework. In J. Hudson, J. P. Hornick, & B. A. Burrows (Eds.), Justice and the Young Offender in Canada (pp. 11 35). Toronto, Canada: Wall and Thompson.
Baumeister, R., Schmeichel, B. J., & Vohs, K. D. (2007). Self-regulation and the executive function: The self as controlling agent. In A. W. Kruglanski & E.T. Higgins (Eds.), Social Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 516-539). New York, NY: Guilford.
Bolton, J., Caskey, J., Costom, S., Fowler, R., Fox, S., Hillman, K.,
Taylor, M., & Yarin, R. (1993). The Young Offenders Act: Principles and policy - The first decade in review. McGill Law Journal, 38(4), 939-1052. Retrieved from http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca
Bowman, P. C., & Auerbach, S. M. (1982). Impulsive youthful offenders: A multimodal cognitive behavioural treatment program. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 9, 432-454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854882009004003
Brzozowski, J-A., Taylor-Butts, A., & Johnson, S. (2006). Victimization and offending among the aboriginal population in Canada. Juristat 26(3). Statistics Canada - Catalogue no. 85-002-XIE. (Accessed September 25, 2015).
Bryan, K. (2004). Preliminary study of the prevalence of speech and language difficulties in young offenders. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 38(3), 391-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682820410001666376
Calhoun, G. B., Glaser, B. A., & Bartolomucci, C. L. (2001). The juvenile counseling and assessment model and program: A conceptualization and intervention for juvenile delinquency. Journal of Counseling and Development, 79(2), 131-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2001.tb01952.x
Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46 s 265
Duncan, R. M., & Cheyne, J. A. (2000). Private speech in young adults: Task difficulty, self-regulation, and psychological predication. Cognitive Development, 16(4), 889-906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2014(01)00069-7
D’Zurllia, T. J., & Goldfried, M. R. (1971). Problem and behavior modification. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 78(1), 107-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0031360
Emerson, M. J., & Miyake, A. (2001). The role of inner speech in task switching: A dual-task investigation. Journal of Memory and Language, 48(1), 148-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00511-9
Evans-Chase, M., & Zhou, H. (2014). A systematic review of the juvenile justice intervention literature: What it can (and cannot) tell us about what works with delinquent youth. Crime & Delinquency, 60(3), 451-470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128712466931
Feinlder, E., & Byers, A. M. (2013). Chapter 17 cbt with juvenile offenders. In R. C. Tafrate, & D. Mitchell (Eds.), Forensic CBT: A Handbook for Clinical Practice (pp. 377-390). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118589878
Glick, B., & Goldstein, A. P. (1987). Aggression replacement training. Journal of Counseling & Development, 65(7), 356-362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1987.tb00730.x
Hardy, J. (2006). Speaking clearly: A critical review of the self-talk literature. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(1), 81-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.04.002
Hardy, J. (2009). Awareness and motivation to change negative self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 23(4), 435-450. Retrieved from http://journals.humankinetics.com/tsp
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Galanis, E., & Theodorakis, Y. (2011). Self-talk and sports performance: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(4), 348-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691611413136
Hawkins, J. D., Jenson, J. M., Catalano, R. F., & Wells, E. A. (1991). Effects of a skills training intervention with juvenile delinquents. Social Work Practice, 1(2), 107-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104973159100100201
Hazel, J. S., Schummaker, J. B., Sherman, J. A., & Sheldon-Wildgren, J. (1982). Social skills training with court-adjudicated youth. Child & Youth Services, 5(3-4), 117-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J024v05n03_08
Henggeler, S. W., Melton, G. B., Brondino, M. J., Scherer, D. G., &
Hanley, J. H. (1997). Multisystemic therapy with violent and chronic juvenile offenders and their families: The role of treatment fidelity in successful dissemination. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 821-833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.65.5.821
Holmqvist, R., Hill, T., & Lang, A. (2009). Effects of aggression replacement training in young offender institutions. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53(1). 74-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624X07310452
Inderbitzin, M. (2007). Inside a maximum security juvenile training school. Punishment & Society, 9(3), 235-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474507077492
John Howard Society of Alberta. (2007). Justice for young offenders. Retrieved from http://www.johnhoward.ab.ca/pub/youngoff/youngoff.pdf
Kadish, T. E., Glaser, B. A., Calhoun, G. B., & Risler, E. A. (1999). Counseling juvenile offenders: A program evaluation. Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 19(2), 88-94.
Kuperminc, G. P., Allen, J. P., & Arthur, M. W. (1996). Autonomy, relatedness and male adolescent delinquency: Toward a multidimensional view of social competence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 11(4), 397-420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743554896114002
Landenberger, N. A., & Lipsey, M. W. (2005). The positive effects of cognitive-behavioral programs for offenders: A meta-analysis of factors associated with effective treatment. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1(4), 451-476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11292-005-3541-
Lipsey, M. (2009). The primary factors that characterize effective interventions with juvenile offenders: A meta-analytic overview. Victims and Offenders, 4(2), 124-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15564880802612573
Mahony, T. H. (2011). Women and the criminal justice system. Women in Canada: A Gender-based Statistical Report. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 89-503-C. https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/lbrr/archives/cnmcs-plcng/cn28117-eng.pdf (accessed September 25, 2015)
McCarthy, S. J., & Fernyhough, C. (2011). The varieties of inner speech: Links between quality of inner speech and psychopathological variables in a sample of young adults. Consciousness and Cognition, 20(4), 1586-1593. http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2011.08.005
Meichenbaum, D. H., & Goodman, J. (1971). Training impulsive children to talk to themselves: A means of developing self-control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 77(2), 115-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0030773
Miller, D. L. (2011). Being called to account understanding adolescents’ narrative identity construction in institutional contexts. Qualitative social, 10(3), 311-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473325011409479
Morin, A. (2005). Possible links between self-awareness and inner speech: Theoretical background, underlying mechanisms, and empirical evidence. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 12(4-5), 115-134.
Morin, A. (2009). Self-awareness deficits following loss of inner speech: Dr. Jill Botle Taylor’s case study. Consciousness and Cognition, 18(2), 542-529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.09.008
Morin, A. (2011). Self-awareness part 1: Definition, measures, effects, functions, and antecedents. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(10), 807–823. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00387.x
Morin, A. (2012). Inner speech. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (2nd ed.). Toronto, Canada: Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375000-6.00206-8
Morin, A. (2015). The self-reflective function of inner speech. Presentation presented at the workshop Inner Speech: Theories and Models. Granada, Spain.
Morin, A., & Michaud, J. (2007). Self-awareness and the left inferior frontal gyrus: Inner speech use during self-related processing. Brian Research Bulletin, 72(6), 387-396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.06.013
Morin, A., & Uttl, B. (2013). Inner speech: A window into consciousness. Retrieved July 2, 2015, from http://www.neuropsychotherapist.com http://dx.doi.org/10.12744/tnpt.14.04.2013.01
Morin, A., Uttl, B., & Hamper, B. (2011). Self-reported frequency, content, and functions of inner speech. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1714-1718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.331
Nas, C. N., Brugman, D., & Koops, W. (2005). Effects of EQUIP programme on the moral judgement, cognitive distortions, and social skills of juvenile delinquents. Psychology, Crime & Law, 11(4), 421-434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10683160500255703
Perreault, S. (2013). Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2012. Juristat. Statistics Canada - Catalogue no. 85-002-X. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2013001/article/11854-eng.htm#a7 (accessed September 25, 2015).
Public Safety Canada. (2012). A statistical snapshot of youth at risk and youth offending in Canada. Catalogue no. PS4-126/2012E-PDF. Ottawa, Ontario. http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/ststclsnpsht-yth/ssyr-eng.pdf (accessed September 25, 2015)
Savoie, J. (2006). Youth self-reported delinquency, Toronto. Juristat, 27(6). Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 85-002-XPE. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/85-002-x2007006-eng.htm (accessed September 26, 2015).
Snow, P. C., & Powell, M. B. (2008). Oral language competence, social skills and high-risk boys: What are juvenile offenders trying to tell us? Children & Society, 22(1), 16-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2006.00076.x
Teplin, L. A., Abram, K. M., McClelland, G. M., & Dulcan, M. K. (2010). Comorbid psychiatric disorders in youth in juvenile detention. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 60(11), 1097-1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.11.1097
Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-fator model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Socal Pscyhology, 76(2), 284-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.76.2.284
Tullett, A. M., & Inzlicht, M. (2010). The voice of self-control: Blocking the inner voice increases impulsive responding. Auta Psychologica, 135(2), 252-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.07.008
Uttl, B., Morin, A., Faulds, T. J., Hall, T., & Wilson, J. M. (2012, June). Sampling inner speech using text messaging. Poster presented at the meeting of Canadian Society for Brain Behaviour and Cognitive Science (CSBBCS), Kingston, ON.
Uttl, B., Morin, A., & Hamper, B. (2011). Are inner speech self-report questionnaires reliable and valid? Procedia - Social and Behavioral
Sciences, 30, 1719-1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.332
West, D. J. (1982). Delinquency, its roots, careers, and prospects. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Jessica Elsom
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
Note: The author is prepared to hold their copyright under Creative Commons, meaning the author retains copyright and agrees to open sharing of their manuscript for educational purposes. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before, during, or after the publication process with BSUJ, as it can lead to productive exchanges, reviews, and citations of published work.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode